Created by Dr Adele Register
Although we learned in the first law that the total amount of energy, including heat, is conserved in an isolated system, it is not possible to use the energy in a system with 100% efficiency.
Gravitational
Chemical
Elastic
Electromagnetic
“Thermal” energy
Kinetic energy of atoms and molecules
Moves from warmer to cooler object
Measured in calories
- amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of room temperature water by 1° Celsius
Conduction - Transfer of heat through collisions of atoms and electrons
Convection - Motion of a mass of fluid where warmer atoms are transported from one place to another
Radiation - Infrared energy that travels across space until absorbed by an object and converted into kinetic energy of molecules
A measurement that reflects how vigorously atoms are moving and colliding in a material
Three temperature scales
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin
Absolute zero - Temperature at which there is no motion of atoms
A comparison of temperature scales
| Water Freezes | Water Boils | Degrees between freezing and boiling |
|
| Farenheit | 32° F | 212° F | 180 degrees |
| Celsius | 0° C | 100° C | 100 degrees |
| Kelvin | 273° K | 373° K | 100 degrees |
Restrictions on the way heat and other energy can be transferred or used
Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold to hot body
You cannot construct an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work
Every isolated system becomes more disordered with time